Chadwick, Chapters 6
Not only was it widely believed that too much book learning decreased femininity, exposure to the nude model was thought to inflame the passions and disturb the control of female sexuality that lay at the heart of Victorian moral injunctions.
- Nude models are a controversial topic in art education. Understanding the human body is crucial to learning about art, so requiring nude models to display their bodies in class is often seen as vulgar, degrading, and insulting. However, understanding the human body is crucial, and this has sparked controversy.
Women were presented as morally and spiritually superior to men, and given primary responsibility for managing the home, but their lives were tightly restricted in other ways. The middle-class ideal of femininity stigmatized many groups of women as deviant—those who remained unmarried, who worked, or were slaves, or immigrants, or social radicals.
- Women are often treated differently in life. Some things that are normal for men are not normal for women. But despite this, woman still actively fight against injustice and help each other.
Chadwick, Chapters 7
In emphasizing the split between“work”and“home,”and centering salvation in the latter, the cult of domesticity also established the American home as a refuge from the desecrations of the modern business world, a place where spiritual values could be cultivated, and a measure against which to evaluate women’s cultural productions.
- Although some women participated in the work force, most women remained confined to the home and continued to serve only the family.
Needlework and painting were considered appropriate handicrafts for women and during the first half of the century women are well represented among American folk artists. Little formal training was available and many women, like Eunice Pinney, were self-taught amateurs who worked at their art whenever they had free time.
- Although needlework and painting are considered to be the most suitable handicrafts for women, this still cannot stop women's passion for artistic creation, and they can still use their spare time to Self-taught.
Guerrilla Girls 47-57
“The 19th century saw the war to abolish slavery in the U.S. and the beginning of women's long struggle for equality. At the same time, male painters began to obsess over and objectify the naked female body as never before. Consider how many prostitutes and mistresses they painted , and how tew suffragettes.
- Women were treated unfairly in the 19th century. Male artists viewed depicting female nudity as art and even desire, attempting to objectify it, something most women were unwilling to do. Many female artists had to fight for equal rights and to be taken seriously.
Chadwick, Chapters 8
Alcott’s comments reveal the conflicts still facing the woman artist caught within an ideology of sexual difference which gave the privilege to male expression and often forced women to choose between marriage and a career.
- Marriage limits women's pursuit of art, as they often cannot find a balance between career and family. Pursuing art may lead to losing marriage, and pursuing marriage may lead to losing art.
“It would, in my opinion,” wrote the Director of Grounds, “be in every respect better for them to occupy a building exclusively their own and devoted to women’s work alone.” To others, the presence of a separate exhibition facility for women at the Exposition signaled an institutionalizing of women’s productions in isolation from those of men.
- Although female artists have a building entirely of their own that is dedicated to displaying their artwork, it also distinguishes female artists from male artists, limiting the dissemination of their works.
List 5 characteristics of Impressionism
- Quick, loose brush strokes
- Vibrant/Pure Colors
- “En plein air”
- Relative color
- Clearer picture from further away
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